rfc9697.original   rfc9697.txt 
SIDROPS J. Snijders Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) J. Snijders
Internet-Draft Fastly Request for Comments: 9697 Fastly
Updates: 8182 (if approved) T. de Kock Updates: 8182 T. de Kock
Intended status: Standards Track RIPE NCC Category: Standards Track RIPE NCC
Expires: 25 March 2025 21 September 2024 ISSN: 2070-1721 December 2024
Detecting RRDP Session Desynchronization Detecting RPKI Repository Delta Protocol (RRDP) Session
draft-ietf-sidrops-rrdp-desynchronization-04 Desynchronization
Abstract Abstract
This document describes an approach for Resource Public Key This document describes an approach for Resource Public Key
Infrastructure (RPKI) Relying Parties to detect a particular form of Infrastructure (RPKI) Relying Parties to detect a particular form of
RPKI Repository Delta Protocol (RRDP) session desynchronization and RPKI Repository Delta Protocol (RRDP) session desynchronization and
how to recover. This document updates RFC 8182. how to recover. This document updates RFC 8182.
Status of This Memo Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the This is an Internet Standards Track document.
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
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and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
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Copyright Notice Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
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Table of Contents Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1. Introduction
1.1. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1. Requirements Language
2. Immutability of RRDP files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Immutability of RRDP Files
3. Detection of Desynchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Detection of Desynchronization
3.1. Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3.1. Example
4. Recovery after Desynchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4. Recovery After Desynchronization
5. Changes to RFC 8182 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5. Changes to RFC 8182
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6. Security Considerations
7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7. IANA Considerations
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 8. References
8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 8.1. Normative References
8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 8.2. Informative References
Appendix A. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Acknowledgements
Appendix B. Implementation status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Authors' Addresses
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1. Introduction 1. Introduction
The Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI) Repository Delta The Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI) Repository Delta
Protocol (RRDP) [RFC8182] is a one-way synchronization protocol for Protocol (RRDP) [RFC8182] is a one-way synchronization protocol for
distributing RPKI data in the form of _differences_ (deltas) between distributing RPKI data in the form of _differences_ (deltas) between
sequential repository states. Relying Parties apply a contiguous sequential repository states. Relying Parties (RPs) apply a
chain of deltas to synchronize their local copy of the repository contiguous chain of deltas to synchronize their local copy of the
with the current state of the remote Repository Server. Delta files repository with the current state of the remote Repository Server.
for any given session_id and serial number are expected to contain an Delta files for any given session_id and serial number are expected
immutable record of the state of the Repository Server at that given to contain an immutable record of the state of the Repository Server
point in time, but this is not always the case. at that given point in time, but this is not always the case.
This document describes an approach for Relying Parties (RPs) to This document describes an approach for RPs to detect a form of RRDP
detect a form of RRDP session desynchronization where the hash of a session desynchronization where the hash of a delta for a given
delta for a given serial number and session_id have mutated from the serial number and session_id have mutated from the previous Update
previous Update Notification File and how to recover. Notification File and how to recover.
1.1. Requirements Language 1.1. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here. capitals, as shown here.
2. Immutability of RRDP files 2. Immutability of RRDP Files
Section 3.1 of [RFC8182] describes how discrete publication events Section 3.1 of [RFC8182] describes how discrete publication events
such as the addition, modification, or deletion of one or more such as the addition, modification, or deletion of one or more
repository objects _can_ be communicated as immutable files, repository objects _can_ be communicated as immutable files,
highlighting advantages for publishers, such as the ability to pre- highlighting advantages for publishers, such as the ability to
calculate files and make use of caching infrastructure. precalculate files and make use of caching infrastructure.
While the global RPKI is understood to present a loosely consistent Even though the global RPKI is understood to present a loosely
view, depending on timing, updating, fetching (see Section 6 of consistent view that depends on the cache's timing of updates (see
[RFC7115]), different caches having different data for the same RRDP Section 6 of [RFC7115]), different caches having different data for
session at the same serial violates the principle of least the same RRDP session at the same serial violates the principle of
astonishment. least astonishment.
If an RRDP server over time serves differing data for a given If an RRDP server over time serves differing data for a given
session_id and serial number, distinct RP instances (depending on the session_id and serial number, distinct RP instances (depending on the
moment they connected to the RRDP server) would end up with divergent moment they connected to the RRDP server) would end up with divergent
local repositories. Comparing only the server-provided session_id local repositories. Comparing only the server-provided session_id
and latest serial number across distinct RP instances would not bring and latest serial number across distinct RP instances would not bring
such divergence to light. such divergence to light.
The [RFC8182] specification does allude to immutability being a The RRDP specification [RFC8182] alludes to immutability being a
property of RRDP files, but doesn't make it clear that immutability property of RRDP files, but it doesn't make it clear that
is an absolute requirement for the RRDP protocol to work well. immutability is an absolute requirement for the RRDP to work well.
3. Detection of Desynchronization 3. Detection of Desynchronization
Relying Parties can implement a mechanism to keep a record of the Relying Parties can implement a mechanism to keep a record of the
serial and hash attribute values in delta elements of the previous serial and hash attribute values in delta elements of the previous
successful fetch of an Update Notification File. Then, after successful fetch of an Update Notification File. Then, after
fetching a new Update Notification File, the Relying Party should fetching a new Update Notification File, the Relying Party should
compare if the serial and hash values of previously seen serials compare if the serial and hash values of previously seen serials
match those in the newly fetched file. If any differences are match those in the newly fetched file. If any differences are
detected, this means that the Delta files were unexpectedly mutated, detected, this means that the Delta files were unexpectedly mutated,
and the RP should proceed to Section 4. and the RP should proceed to Section 4.
3.1. Example 3.1. Example
This section contains two versions of an Update Notification File to This section contains two versions of an Update Notification File to
demonstrate an unexpected mutation. The initial Update Notification demonstrate an unexpected mutation. The initial Update Notification
File is as follows: File is as follows:
<notification xmlns="http://www.ripe.net/rpki/rrdp" version="1" <notification xmlns="http://www.ripe.net/rpki/rrdp" version="1"
session_id="fe528335-db5f-48b2-be7e-bf0992d0b5ec" session_id="fe528335-db5f-48b2-be7e-bf0992d0b5ec" serial="1774">
serial="1774"> <snapshot uri="https://rrdp.example.net/1774/snapshot.xml"
<snapshot uri="https://rrdp.example.net/1774/snapshot.xml" hash=
hash="4b5f27b099737b8bf288a33796bfe825fb2014a69fd6aa99080380299952f2e2"/> "4b5f27b099737b8bf288a33796bfe825fb2014a69fd6aa99080380299952f2e2"
<delta serial="1774" />
hash="effac94afd30bbf1cd6e180e7f445a4d4653cb4c91068fa9e7b669d49b5aaa00" <delta serial="1774" uri="https://rrdp.example.net/1774/delta.xml"
uri="https://rrdp.example.net/1774/delta.xml" /> hash=
<delta serial="1773" "effac94afd30bbf1cd6e180e7f445a4d4653cb4c91068fa9e7b669d49b5aaa00"
hash="731169254dd5de0ede94ba6999bda63b0fae9880873a3710e87a71bafb64761a" />
uri="https://rrdp.example.net/1773/delta.xml" /> <delta serial="1773" uri="https://rrdp.example.net/1773/delta.xml"
<delta serial="1772" hash=
hash="d4087585323fd6b7fd899ebf662ef213c469d39f53839fa6241847f4f6ceb939" "731169254dd5de0ede94ba6999bda63b0fae9880873a3710e87a71bafb64761a"
uri="https://rrdp.example.net/1772/delta.xml /> />
<delta serial="1772" uri="https://rrdp.example.net/1772/delta.xml"
hash=
"d4087585323fd6b7fd899ebf662ef213c469d39f53839fa6241847f4f6ceb939"
/>
</notification> </notification>
Figure 1
Based on the above Update Notification File, an RP implementation Based on the above Update Notification File, an RP implementation
could record the following state: could record the following state:
fe528335-db5f-48b2-be7e-bf0992d0b5ec fe528335-db5f-48b2-be7e-bf0992d0b5ec
1774 effac94afd30bbf1cd6e180e7f445a4d4653cb4c91068fa9e7b669d49b5aaa00 1774 effac94afd30bbf1cd6e180e7f445a4d4653cb4c91068fa9e7b669d49b5aaa00
1773 731169254dd5de0ede94ba6999bda63b0fae9880873a3710e87a71bafb64761a 1773 731169254dd5de0ede94ba6999bda63b0fae9880873a3710e87a71bafb64761a
1772 d4087585323fd6b7fd899ebf662ef213c469d39f53839fa6241847f4f6ceb939 1772 d4087585323fd6b7fd899ebf662ef213c469d39f53839fa6241847f4f6ceb939
Figure 1 Figure 2
A new version of the Update Notification File is published, as A new version of the Update Notification File is published as
following: follows:
<notification xmlns="http://www.ripe.net/rpki/rrdp" version="1" <notification xmlns="http://www.ripe.net/rpki/rrdp" version="1"
session_id="fe528335-db5f-48b2-be7e-bf0992d0b5ec" session_id="fe528335-db5f-48b2-be7e-bf0992d0b5ec" serial="1775">
serial="1775"> <snapshot uri="https://rrdp.example.net/1775/snapshot.xml"
<snapshot uri="https://rrdp.example.net/1775/snapshot.xml" hash=
hash="cd430c386deacb04bda55301c2aa49f192b529989b739f412aea01c9a77e5389"/> "cd430c386deacb04bda55301c2aa49f192b529989b739f412aea01c9a77e5389"
<delta serial="1775" />
hash="d199376e98a9095dbcf14ccd49208b4223a28a1327669f89566475d94b2b08cc" <delta serial="1775" uri="https://rrdp.example.net/1775/delta.xml"
uri="https://rrdp.example.net/1775/delta.xml /> hash=
<delta serial="1774" "d199376e98a9095dbcf14ccd49208b4223a28a1327669f89566475d94b2b08cc"
hash="10ca28480a584105a059f95df5ca8369142fd7c8069380f84ebe613b8b89f0d3" />
uri="https://rrdp.example.net/1774/delta.xml" /> <delta serial="1774" uri="https://rrdp.example.net/1774/delta.xml"
<delta serial="1773" hash=
hash="731169254dd5de0ede94ba6999bda63b0fae9880873a3710e87a71bafb64761a" "10ca28480a584105a059f95df5ca8369142fd7c8069380f84ebe613b8b89f0d3"
uri="https://rrdp.example.net/1773/delta.xml" /> />
<delta serial="1773" uri="https://rrdp.example.net/1773/delta.xml"
hash=
"731169254dd5de0ede94ba6999bda63b0fae9880873a3710e87a71bafb64761a"
/>
</notification> </notification>
Using its previously recorded state (Figure 1), the RP can compare
the hash values for serials 1773 and 1774. For serial 1774, compared
to the earlier version of the Update Notification File, a different
hash value is now listed, meaning an unexpected delta mutation
occurred.
4. Recovery after Desynchronization Figure 3
Using its previously recorded state (see Figure 2), the RP can
compare the hash values for serials 1773 and 1774. For serial 1774,
compared to the earlier version of the Update Notification File, a
different hash value is now listed, meaning an unexpected delta
mutation occurred.
4. Recovery After Desynchronization
Following the detection of RRDP session desynchronization, in order Following the detection of RRDP session desynchronization, in order
to return to a synchronized state, RP implementations SHOULD issue a to return to a synchronized state, RP implementations SHOULD issue a
warning and SHOULD download the latest Snapshot File and process it warning and SHOULD download the latest Snapshot File and process it
as described in Section 3.4.3 of [RFC8182]. as described in Section 3.4.3 of [RFC8182].
See the Section 6 for an overview of risks associated with See Section 6 for an overview of risks associated with
desynchronization. desynchronization.
5. Changes to RFC 8182 5. Changes to RFC 8182
The following paragraph is added to Section 3.4.1 of [RFC8182] The following paragraph is added to Section 3.4.1 of [RFC8182],
"Processing the Update Notification File", after the paragraph which "Processing the Update Notification File", after the paragraph that
ends "The Relying Party MUST then download and process the Snapshot ends "The Relying Party MUST then download and process the Snapshot
File specified in the downloaded Update Notification File as File specified in the downloaded Update Notification File as
described in Section 3.4.3." described in Section 3.4.3."
NEW NEW
| If the session_id matches the last known session_id, the Relying | If the session_id matches the last known session_id, the Relying
| Party SHOULD compare whether hash values associated with | Party SHOULD compare whether hash values associated with
| previously seen files for serials match the hash values of the | previously seen files for serials match the hash values of the
| corresponding serials in the newly fetched Update Notification | corresponding serials in the newly fetched Update Notification
| File. If any differences are detected, this means that files were | File. If any differences are detected, this means that files were
| unexpectedly mutated (See | unexpectedly mutated (see [RFC9697]). The Relying Party SHOULD
| [I-D.ietf-sidrops-rrdp-desynchronization]). The Relying Party | then download and process the Snapshot File specified in the
| SHOULD then download and process the Snapshot File specified in | downloaded Update Notification File as described in Section 3.4.3.
| the downloaded Update Notification File as described in
| Section 3.4.3 of [RFC8182]
6. Security Considerations 6. Security Considerations
Due to the lifetime of RRDP sessions (often measured in months), Due to the lifetime of RRDP sessions (often measured in months),
desynchronization can persist for an extended period if undetected. desynchronization can persist for an extended period if undetected.
Caches in a desynchronized state pose a risk by emitting a different Caches in a desynchronized state pose a risk by emitting a different
set of Validated Payloads than they would otherwise emit with a set of Validated Payloads than they would otherwise emit with a
consistent repository copy. Through the interaction of the consistent repository copy. Through the interaction of the
desynchronization and the _failed fetch_ mechanism described in desynchronization and the _failed fetch_ mechanism described in
Section 6.6 of [RFC9286], Relying Parties could spuriously omit Section 6.6 of [RFC9286], Relying Parties could spuriously omit
Validated Payloads or emit Validated Payloads that the Certification Validated Payloads or emit Validated Payloads that the Certification
Authority intended to withdraw. As a result, due to the Authority intended to withdraw. As a result, due to the
desynchronized state, route decision making processes might consider desynchronized state, route decision making processes might consider
route announcements intended to be marked valid as "unknown" or route announcements intended to be marked valid as "unknown" or
"invalid" for an indeterminate period. "invalid" for an indeterminate period.
Missing Validated Payloads negatively impact the ability to validate Missing Validated Payloads negatively impact the ability to validate
BGP announcements using mechanisms such as those described in BGP announcements using mechanisms such as those described in
[RFC6811] and [I-D.ietf-sidrops-aspa-verification]. [RFC6811] and [ASPA].
Section 6.6 of [RFC9286] advises RP implementations to continue to Section 6.6 of [RFC9286] advises RP implementations to continue to
use cached versions of objects, but only until such time as they use cached versions of objects, but only until such time as they
become stale. By detecting whether the remote Repository Server is become stale. By detecting whether the remote Repository Server is
in an inconsistent state and then immediately switching to using the in an inconsistent state and then immediately switching to using the
latest Snapshot File, RPs increase the probability to successfully latest Snapshot File, RPs increase the probability to successfully
replace objects before they become stale. replace objects before they become stale.
7. IANA Considerations 7. IANA Considerations
No IANA actions required. This document has no IANA actions.
8. References 8. References
8.1. Normative References 8.1. Normative References
[I-D.ietf-sidrops-rrdp-desynchronization]
Snijders, J. and T. de Kock, "Detecting RRDP Session
Desynchronization", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
draft-ietf-sidrops-rrdp-desynchronization,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-sidrops-
rrdp-desynchronization>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>. <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC [RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>. May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8182] Bruijnzeels, T., Muravskiy, O., Weber, B., and R. Austein, [RFC8182] Bruijnzeels, T., Muravskiy, O., Weber, B., and R. Austein,
"The RPKI Repository Delta Protocol (RRDP)", RFC 8182, "The RPKI Repository Delta Protocol (RRDP)", RFC 8182,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8182, July 2017, DOI 10.17487/RFC8182, July 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8182>. <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8182>.
8.2. Informative References 8.2. Informative References
[FORT-validator] [ASPA] Azimov, A., Bogomazov, E., Bush, R., Patel, K., Snijders,
Leiva, A., "FORT validator 1.7.0", March 2024,
<https://github.com/NICMx/FORT-validator/compare/
main...draft-spaghetti-sidrops-rrdp-desynchronization>.
[I-D.ietf-sidrops-aspa-verification]
Azimov, A., Bogomazov, E., Bush, R., Patel, K., Snijders,
J., and K. Sriram, "BGP AS_PATH Verification Based on J., and K. Sriram, "BGP AS_PATH Verification Based on
Autonomous System Provider Authorization (ASPA) Objects", Autonomous System Provider Authorization (ASPA) Objects",
Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-sidrops-aspa- Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-sidrops-aspa-
verification-18, 8 July 2024, verification-19, 27 September 2024,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-sidrops- <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-sidrops-
aspa-verification-18>. aspa-verification-19>.
[RFC6811] Mohapatra, P., Scudder, J., Ward, D., Bush, R., and R. [RFC6811] Mohapatra, P., Scudder, J., Ward, D., Bush, R., and R.
Austein, "BGP Prefix Origin Validation", RFC 6811, Austein, "BGP Prefix Origin Validation", RFC 6811,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6811, January 2013, DOI 10.17487/RFC6811, January 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6811>. <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6811>.
[RFC7115] Bush, R., "Origin Validation Operation Based on the [RFC7115] Bush, R., "Origin Validation Operation Based on the
Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI)", BCP 185, Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI)", BCP 185,
RFC 7115, DOI 10.17487/RFC7115, January 2014, RFC 7115, DOI 10.17487/RFC7115, January 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7115>. <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7115>.
[RFC9286] Austein, R., Huston, G., Kent, S., and M. Lepinski, [RFC9286] Austein, R., Huston, G., Kent, S., and M. Lepinski,
"Manifests for the Resource Public Key Infrastructure "Manifests for the Resource Public Key Infrastructure
(RPKI)", RFC 9286, DOI 10.17487/RFC9286, June 2022, (RPKI)", RFC 9286, DOI 10.17487/RFC9286, June 2022,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9286>. <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9286>.
[Routinator] Acknowledgements
NLNet Labs, "Routinator",
<https://github.com/NLnetLabs/routinator/pull/951>.
[rpki-client]
Jeker, C., Snijders, J., Dzonsons, K., and T. Buehler,
"rpki-client 8.5", July 2023,
<https://www.rpki-client.org/>.
[rpki-prover]
Puzanov, M., "rpki-prover 0.9.0", February 2024,
<https://github.com/lolepezy/rpki-prover>.
Appendix A. Acknowledgements
During the hallway track at RIPE 86, Ties de Kock shared the idea for During the hallway track at RIPE 86, Ties de Kock shared the idea for
detecting this particular form of RRDP desynchronization, after which detecting this particular form of RRDP desynchronization, after which
Claudio Jeker, Job Snijders, and Theo Buehler produced an Claudio Jeker, Job Snijders, and Theo Buehler produced an
implementation based on rpki-client. Equipped with tooling to detect implementation based on rpki-client. Equipped with tooling to detect
this particular error condition, in subsequent months it became this particular error condition, in subsequent months it became
apparent that unexpected delta mutations in the global RPKI apparent that unexpected delta mutations in the global RPKI
repositories do happen from time to time. repositories do happen from time to time.
The authors wish to thank Theo Buehler, Mikhail Puzanov, Alberto The authors wish to thank Theo Buehler, Mikhail Puzanov, Alberto
Leiva, Tom Harrison, Warren Kumari, Behcet Sarikaya, Murray Leiva, Tom Harrison, Warren Kumari, Behcet Sarikaya, Murray
Kucherawy, Éric Vyncke, Roman Danyliw, Tim Bruijnzeels, and Michael Kucherawy, Éric Vyncke, Roman Danyliw, Tim Bruijnzeels, and Michael
Hollyman for their careful review and feedback on this document. Hollyman for their careful review and feedback on this document.
Appendix B. Implementation status
This section is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.
This section records the status of known implementations of the
protocol defined by this specification at the time of posting of this
Internet-Draft, and is based on a proposal described in RFC 7942.
The description of implementations in this section is intended to
assist the IETF in its decision processes in progressing drafts to
RFCs. Please note that the listing of any individual implementation
here does not imply endorsement by the IETF. Furthermore, no effort
has been spent to verify the information presented here that was
supplied by IETF contributors. This is not intended as, and must not
be construed to be, a catalog of available implementations or their
features. Readers are advised to note that other implementations may
exist.
According to RFC 7942, "this will allow reviewers and working groups
to assign due consideration to documents that have the benefit of
running code, which may serve as evidence of valuable experimentation
and feedback that have made the implemented protocols more mature.
It is up to the individual working groups to use this information as
they see fit".
* OpenBSD [rpki-client] 8.5 and higher
* Mikhail Puzanov's [rpki-prover] 0.9.0 and higher
* FORT project's [FORT-validator] 1.7.0 and higher
* NLnet Labs' [Routinator] main branch
Authors' Addresses Authors' Addresses
Job Snijders Job Snijders
Fastly Fastly
Amsterdam Amsterdam
Netherlands Netherlands
Email: job@fastly.com Email: job@fastly.com
Ties de Kock Ties de Kock
RIPE NCC RIPE NCC
 End of changes. 31 change blocks. 
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